The measure now goes to the White House for President Barack Obama's signature. Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., said the legislation represented "the most powerful sanctions ever imposed by the Congress on the government of Iran."
Foreign companies will be given a choice, McCain said. "Do you want to do business with Iran, or do you want to do business with the United States?"
One provision added in final House-Senate negotiations specifies that foreign banks interacting with the Revolutionary Guard or certain Iranian banks will be shut out of the U.S. financial system. That measure alone has “the potential to be a game changer in Iran's defiance of international criticism of its nuclear program,” said House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Howard Berman, D-Calif.
The Senate vote was 99-0. The House vote was 408-8. The House passed its original version last December, and the Senate in March. But at the urging of the White House, Democratic leaders put off a final vote as they waited for “diplomatic” talks to play out.
Those talks culminated two weeks ago with the U.N. Security Council approving a fourth round of sanctions against Iran. The European Union is considering its own package of penalties and last week the Treasury Department added three dozen more companies and individuals to those “blacklisted” because they contribute to Iran's nuclear program or help Iran evade existing sanctions.
The Tehran government has shrugged off the latest U.N. penalties and says its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes.
Lawmakers from both parties stressed that the bill will be ineffective if the Obama administration, like past administrations, chooses not to “punish violators” in order to avoid confrontations with other countries. "We have been profoundly unhappy over the years that successive administrations failed to implement the 1996 Iran Sanctions Act," Berman said. The legislation represents "one of our last best hopes to force Iran to end its nuclear weapons program," said Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, top Republican on the Foreign Affairs Committee. If it is ignored as in the past, she said, "then we will have failed the American people."
Senate Banking Committee Chairman Chris Dodd, D-Conn., the top Senate negotiator on the bill, acknowledged the weak response of past presidents, but he said the new bill, while still containing waiver provisions, states "in no uncertain terms" that the president must investigate if there is credible evidence of a “violation” and ultimately impose sanctions.
There were other misgivings. Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore., who voted against it, said sanctions don't always have the desired effect. "Not one member of the Iranian elite will lack for gasoline while ordinary Iranians will go without," he said.
Fariborz Ghadar, a scholar and Iran expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said he didn't think the new penalties would have a substantial economic impact. He said Iran's oil industry “has already been hit by restrictions on direct investment and that Iran, in anticipation of sanctions on gas sales, has taken steps to reduce domestic consumption and cut dependence on gas imports from 40 percent of total use to less than 30 percent.”
The congressional action was praised by the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA).
“The United States and its allies are at a critical juncture in our efforts to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons capability, and these sanctions will place pressure on the Iranian regime, in a peaceful way, to work with the international community to resolve the current disputes," JCPA said in a statement. "Today’s bipartisan vote demonstrates the continued U.S. commitment to preventing a nuclear armed Iran.”
The left-leaning pro-Israel lobby J Street also supported the bill. "Passage of this bill, in addition to the United Nations Security Council's passage of enhanced multilateral sanctions, highlights the choice the Iranian Government must make between a path that leads to further international isolation and another that leads to reintegration into the international community," the J Street statement read.
River to Sea
Uprooted Palestinian
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