Bahraini police fired tear gas to disperse hundreds of protesters who took to the streets Saturday on the fourth anniversary of an uprising that deeply divided the key US ally.
Police deployed heavily as men and women carrying Bahrain's red and white flag alongside portraits of detained activists chanted "Down Hamad," in reference to the king, witnesses said.
They fired tear gas and sound bombs and beefed up security around several villages and along major roads across the country, the witnesses added, without reporting any casualties.
The security measures were reportedly aimed at preventing the demonstrators from advancing towards the center of the capital Manama, where the 2011 uprising was focused.
Protesters burned tires and used rocks, garbage containers and branches to block roads in the villages.
The February 14 Coalition, a cyber youth group, had urged demonstrations and strikes across the kingdom under the slogan "Strike of Defiance." But the public security chief, Major-General Tareq al-Hassan, had issued a stern warning ahead of the protests.
"Action will be taken against those who spread terror among citizens or residents, put the safety of others at risk or try to disrupt the nation's security and stability," Hassan said.
With Saudi Arabia's help, Bahraini authorities crushed protests shortly after they erupted on February 14, 2011, in which demonstrators from the country’s majority Shia population demanded reforms and a bigger share in government in the kingdom.
Saudi Arabia and other Gulf neighbors sent troops into Bahrain in March 2011, reinforcing a crackdown that led to accusations of serious human rights violations.
At least 93 people are estimated to have been killed and hundreds have been arrested and tried since the uprising erupted in the kingdom which is home to the US Fifth Fleet.
The opposition is demanding a "real" constitutional monarchy with an elected prime minister who is independent of the ruling royal family, but the al-Khalifa dynasty has refused to yield.
Currently, opposition leader Sheikh Ali Salman is behind bars for allegedly trying to overthrow the regime. His arrest on December 28, shortly after he was re-elected head of Bahrain's main opposition party al-Wefaq, has sparked near-daily protests.
”Little hope of progress”
"The movement has reached its four years with the situation only getting worse and deteriorating with citizens threatened by losing their nationalities any minute," al-Wefaq said on Twitter.
Bahrain has revoked the citizenships of scores of activists over the past few years, drawing condemnation from human rights groups. In October, a court banned al-Wefaq for three months for violating a law on associations.
"There looks like little hope of progress in Bahrain. The opposition is barely legal," said Neil Partrick, a Gulf analyst at the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies.
The political rivals have struggled to bury their differences through a "national dialogue" that fell apart despite several rounds of negotiations.
Al-Wefaq refused to resume talks with the authorities in September despite a new proposal by Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa. In November, the opposition also boycotted parliamentary elections in which pro-government personnel won the most seats.
Al-Wefaq described February 14, 2011 as the start "of the peaceful movement... demanding a democratic nation in which the people will be the source of powers and which is built on partnership and equality."
It insisted that "peaceful" protests must continue "until a political solution is reached." However, a solution appears remote in the smallest Gulf Arab country neighboring the oil-rich Saudi Arabia.
"Despite an interest in intra-Bahraini talks, the Saudi leadership seems to be allowing harder-line elements in the Bahraini ruling family to dictate the political direction of the country," said Partrick.
On Monday, Manama permanently closed Al-Arab News Channel, whose programming was interrupted on February 1 just hours after it launched and aired an interview with an opponent of Bahrain's rulers.
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